tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-293162042011-04-21T15:54:56.107-07:00iemnoreply@blogger.comBlogger11100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29316204.post-1149545417707004102006-06-05T15:09:00.000-07:002006-06-05T15:10:17.750-07:00language families. An accurately identified family is a <a title="Phylogeny" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogeny">phylogenetic</a> unit; that is, all its members derive from a common ancestor. This ancestor is very seldom known directly, since most languages have a very short recorded history. However, it is possible to recover many of its features by applying the <a title="Comparative method" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_method">comparative method</a>—a reconstructive procedure worked out by <a title="19th century" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century">19th century</a> <a title="Linguist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguist">linguist</a> <a title="August Schleicher" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Schleicher">August Schleicher</a>. This can demonstrate the validity of many of the proposed families listed below.<br />Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a <a title="Tree diagram" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_diagram">tree diagram</a>. However, the term family is not restricted to any one level of this "tree"; the <a title="Germanic languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages">Germanic family</a>, for example, is a branch of the <a title="Indo-European languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages">Indo-European family</a>. Some taxonomists do restrict the term family to a certain level, but there is little consensus in how to do this. Those who do affix such labels also subdivide branches into groups, and groups into complexes. The terms superfamily, phylum, and stock are applied to proposed groupings of language families whose status as phylogenetic units is generally considered to be unsubstantiated by accepted historical linguistic methods.<br />The common ancestor of the languages belonging to a language family is known as its <a title="Protolanguage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protolanguage">protolanguage</a>. For example, the reconstructible <a title="Protolanguage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protolanguage">protolanguage</a> of the well-known Indo-European family is called <a title="Proto-Indo-European language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language">Proto-Indo-European</a>. This is not known from written records, since it was spoken before the invention of writing, but sometimes a protolanguage can be identified with a historically known language. Thus, provincial dialects of <a title="Latin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin">Latin</a> ("<a title="Vulgar Latin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>") gave rise to the modern <a title="Romance languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages">Romance languages</a>, so the Proto-Romance language is more or less identical with Latin (if not exactly with the literary Latin of the Classical writers), and dialects of <a title="Old Norse" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse">Old Norse</a> are the protolanguage to <a title="Norwegian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language">Norwegian</a>, <a title="Swedish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language">Swedish</a>, <a title="Danish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language">Danish</a>, <a title="Faroese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroese_language">Faroese</a> and <a title="Icelandic language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_language">Icelandic</a>.<br />Languages that cannot be reliably classified into any family are known as <a title="Language isolate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_isolate">language isolates</a>. A language isolated in its own branch within a family, such as <a title="Greek language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language">Greek</a> within Indo-European, is often also called an isolate, but such cases are usually clarified. For instance, Greek might be referred to as an Indo-European isolate.<br />Contents[<a class="internal" id="togglelink" href="javascript:toggleToc()">hide</a>]<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Some_major_language_families">1 Some major language families</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Largest_families">2 Largest families</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Language_families_.28spoken.29">3 Language families (spoken)</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Africa_and_southwest_Asia">3.1 Africa and southwest Asia</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Europe.2C_and_north.2C_west.2C_and_south_Asia">3.2 Europe, and north, west, and south Asia</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#East_Asia.2C_Southeast_Asia_and_the_Pacific">3.3 East Asia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Papuan_languages">3.4 Papuan languages</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Australian_Aboriginal_languages">3.5 Australian Aboriginal languages</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#North_America">3.6 North America</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Central_America_and_South_America">3.7 Central America and South America</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Language_isolates_.28oral_languages.29">4 Language isolates (oral languages)</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Central_.26_South_America">4.1 Central & South America</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#North_America_2">4.2 North America</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Australia">4.3 Australia</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#New_Guinea">4.4 New Guinea</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Asia">4.5 Asia</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Africa">4.6 Africa</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Europe">4.7 Europe</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Unclassified_languages">5 Unclassified languages</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Europe_2">5.1 Europe</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Africa_2">5.2 Africa</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Asia_2">5.3 Asia</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Australia_2">5.4 Australia</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#South_America">5.5 South America</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#North_America_3">5.6 North America</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Sign_languages">6 Sign languages</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Creole_languages.2C_pidgins.2C_mixed_languages.2C_and_trade_languages">7 Creole languages, pidgins, mixed languages, and trade languages</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Proposed_language_stocks">8 Proposed language stocks</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#See_also">9 See also</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#External_links">10 External links</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family#Bibliography">11 Bibliography</a><br />//<br />[<a title="Edit section: Some major language families" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_family&amp;action=edit&section=1">edit</a>]<br /><a id="Some_major_language_families" name="Some_major_language_families"></a><br />Some major language families<br /><a class="internal" title="Examples of various families (see summary)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Languengl.gif"></a><br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Languengl.gif"></a>Examples of various families (see summary)<br /><a title="Afro-Asiatic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Asiatic">Afro-Asiatic</a><br /><a title="Altaic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaic">Altaic</a><br /><a title="Austro-Asiatic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Asiatic">Austro-Asiatic</a><br /><a title="Austronesian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian">Austronesian</a><br /><a title="Caucasian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_languages">Caucasian</a><br /><a title="Dravidian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languages">Dravidian</a><br /><a title="Eskimo-Aleut languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo-Aleut_languages">Eskimo-Aleut</a><br /><a title="Indo-European languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages">Indo-European</a><br /><a title="Khoisan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoisan_languages">Khoisan</a><br /><a title="Na-Dené languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-Den%C3%A9_languages">Na-Dené</a><br /><a title="Niger-Congo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger-Congo">Niger-Congo</a><br /><a title="Nilo-Saharan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-Saharan">Nilo-Saharan</a><br /><a title="Pama-Nyungan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pama-Nyungan_languages">Pama-Nyungan</a><br /><a title="Sino-Tibetan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan">Sino-Tibetan</a><br /><a title="Tai-Kadai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai-Kadai">Tai-Kadai</a><br /><a title="Uralic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic">Uralic</a><br />[<a title="Edit section: Largest families" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_family&amp;action=edit&section=2">edit</a>]<br /><a id="Largest_families" name="Largest_families"></a><br />Largest families<br />According to the numbers in <a title="Ethnologue" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a><a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp">[1]</a>, the largest language families in terms of number of languages are:<br /><a title="Niger-Congo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger-Congo">Niger-Congo</a> (1514 languages)<br /><a title="Austronesian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian">Austronesian</a> (1268 languages)<br /><a title="Trans-New Guinea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-New_Guinea">Trans-New Guinea</a> (564 languages) (validity disputed)<br /><a title="Indo-European languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages">Indo-European</a> (449 languages)<br /><a title="Sino-Tibetan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan">Sino-Tibetan</a> (403 languages)<br /><a title="Afro-Asiatic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Asiatic">Afro-Asiatic</a> (375 languages)<br /><a title="Nilo-Saharan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-Saharan">Nilo-Saharan</a> (204 languages)<br /><a title="Pama-Nyungan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pama-Nyungan_languages">Pama-Nyungan</a> (178 languages)<br /><a title="Oto-Manguean" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto-Manguean">Oto-Manguean</a> (174 languages) (number disputed; <a title="Lyle Campbell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyle_Campbell">Lyle Campbell</a> includes only 27)<br /><a title="Austro-Asiatic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Asiatic">Austro-Asiatic</a> (169 languages)<br /><a title="Sepik-Ramu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepik-Ramu">Sepik-Ramu</a> (100 languages) (validity disputed)<br /><a title="Tai-Kadai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai-Kadai">Tai-Kadai</a> (76 languages)<br /><a title="Tupi languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_languages">Tupi</a> (76 languages)<br /><a title="Dravidian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languages">Dravidian</a> (73 languages)<br /><a title="Mayan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayan_languages">Mayan</a> (69 languages)<br />[<a title="Edit section: Language families (spoken)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_family&action=edit&amp;section=3">edit</a>]<br /><a id="Language_families_.28spoken.29" name="Language_families_.28spoken.29"></a><br />Language families (spoken)<br />In the following, each "bulleted" item is a known or suspected language family. The geographic headings over them are meant solely as a tool for grouping families into collections more comprehensible than an unstructured list of the dozen or two of independent families. Geographic relationship is convenient for that purpose, but these headings are not a suggestion of any "super-families" phylogenetically relating the families named.<br />[<a title="Edit section: Africa and southwest Asia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_family&action=edit&amp;section=4">edit</a>]<br /><a id="Africa_and_southwest_Asia" name="Africa_and_southwest_Asia"></a><br /><a title="Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa">Africa</a> and <a title="Southwest Asia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asia">southwest Asia</a><br /><a class="image" title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:African_languages.png"></a><br /><a title="Afro-Asiatic languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages">Afro-Asiatic languages</a> (formerly Hamito-Semitic)<br /><a title="Niger-Congo languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages">Niger-Congo languages</a> (sometimes Niger-Kordofanian)<br /><a title="Nilo-Saharan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages">Nilo-Saharan languages</a><br /><a title="Khoe languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoe_languages">Khoe languages</a> (part of the <a title="Khoisan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoisan_languages">Khoisan</a> proposal)<br /><a title="Tuu languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuu_languages">Tuu languages</a> (part of Khoisan)<br />[<a title="Edit section: Europe, and north, west, and south Asia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_family&action=edit&amp;section=5">edit</a>]<br /><a id="Europe.2C_and_north.2C_west.2C_and_south_Asia" name="Europe.2C_and_north.2C_west.2C_and_south_Asia"></a><br /><a title="Europe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe">Europe</a>, and <a title="North Asia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Asia">north</a>, <a title="West Asia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asia">west</a>, and <a title="South Asia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia">south Asia</a><br /><a title="Indo-European languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages">Indo-European languages</a><br /><a title="Dravidian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languages">Dravidian languages</a><br /><a title="Northwest Caucasian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages">Northwest Caucasian languages</a> (often included in <a title="North Caucasian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages">North Caucasian</a>)<br /><a title="Northeast Caucasian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages">Northeast Caucasian languages</a> (often included in North Caucasian)<br /><a title="Hurro-Urartian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages">Hurro-Urartian languages</a> (<a title="Extinct language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_language">extinct</a>, perhaps related to Northeast Caucasian)<br /><a title="South Caucasian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caucasian_languages">Kartvelian</a> (South Caucasian)<br /><a title="Altaic languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaic_languages">Altaic languages</a><br /><a title="Uralic languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languages">Uralic languages</a><br /><a title="Yukaghir languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukaghir_languages">Yukaghir languages</a> (perhaps related to Uralic)<br /><a title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages</a><br /><a title="Yeniseian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeniseian_languages">Yeniseian languages</a> (perhaps related to Burushaski)<br /><a title="Andamanese languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andamanese_languages">Andamanese languages</a> (perhaps two families)<br />[<a title="Edit section: East Asia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_family&action=edit&amp;section=6">edit</a>]<br /><a id="East_Asia.2C_Southeast_Asia_and_the_Pacific" name="East_Asia.2C_Southeast_Asia_and_the_Pacific"></a><br /><a title="East Asia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia">East Asia</a>, <a title="Southeast Asia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a title="The Pacific" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pacific">the Pacific</a><br /><a title="Austroasiatic languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages">Austroasiatic languages</a><br /><a title="Austronesian languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages">Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) languages</a><br /><a title="Hmong-Mien languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages">Hmong-Mien languages</a><br /><a title="Japonic languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonic_languages">Japonic languages</a> (or <a title="Fuyu languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuyu_languages">Fuyu languages</a>)<br /><a title="Sino-Tibetan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a><br /><a title="Tai-Kadai languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai-Kadai_languages">Tai-Kadai languages</a><br />[<a title="Edit section: Papuan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_family&action=edit&amp;section=7">edit</a>]<br /><a id="Papuan_languages" name="Papuan_languages"></a><br /><a title="Papuan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_languages">Papuan languages</a><br /><a title="East Papuan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Papuan_languages">Baining languages</a><br /><a title="Border languages (New Guinea)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_languages_%28New_Guinea%29">Border languages</a><br /><a title="East Papuan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Papuan_languages">Central Solomons languages</a><br /><a title="East Bird's Head-Sentani languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head-Sentani_languages">East Bird's Head-Sentani languages</a><br /><a title="Eastern Trans-Fly languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Trans-Fly_languages">Eastern Trans-Fly languages</a> (one in Australia)<br /><a title="Geelvink Bay languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelvink_Bay_languages">East Geelvink Bay languages</a><br /><a title="Lakes Plain languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages">Lakes Plain languages</a> (upper Mamberamo River)<br /><a title="Left May-Kwomtari languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_May-Kwomtari_languages">Left May-Kwomtari languages</a><br /><a title="Mairasi languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairasi_languages">Mairasi languages</a><br /><a title="Nimboran languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimboran_languages">Nimboran languages</a><br /><a title="East Papuan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Papuan_languages">North Bougainville languages</a><br /><a title="Piawi languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piawi_languages">Piawi languages</a><br /><a title="Ramu-Lower Sepik languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramu-Lower_Sepik_languages">Ramu-Lower Sepik languages</a><br /><a title="Senagi languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senagi_languages">Senagi languages</a><br /><a title="Sepik languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepik_languages">Sepik languages</a><br /><a title="Sko languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sko_languages">Skou languages</a><br /><a title="East Papuan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Papuan_languages">South Bougainville languages</a><br /><a title="South-Central Papuan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-Central_Papuan_languages">South-Central Papuan languages</a><br /><a title="Tor-Kwerba languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor-Kwerba_languages">Tor-Kwerba languages</a><br /><a title="Torricelli languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torricelli_languages">Torricelli languages</a><br /><a title="West Papuan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Papuan_languages">West Papuan languages</a><br /><a title="Yuat languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuat_languages">Yuat languages</a><br />[<a title="Edit section: Australian Aboriginal languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_family&action=edit&amp;section=8">edit</a>]<br /><a id="Australian_Aboriginal_languages" name="Australian_Aboriginal_languages"></a><br /><a title="Australian Aboriginal languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages">Australian Aboriginal languages</a><br /><a title="Bunaban languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunaban_languages">Bunaban languages</a><br /><a title="Daly languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daly_languages">Daly languages</a><br /><a title="Limilngan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limilngan_languages">Limilngan languages</a><br /><a title="Djeragan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djeragan_languages">Djeragan languages</a><br /><a title="Nyulnyulan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages">Nyulnyulan languages</a><br /><a title="Wororan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wororan_languages">Wororan languages</a><br /><a title="Mindi languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindi_languages">Mindi languages</a><br /><a title="Arnhem Land languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem_Land_languages">Arnhem Land languages</a> (3 families and 2 isolates)<br /><a title="Gunwinyguan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunwinyguan_languages">Gunwinyguan languages</a><br /><a title="Pama-Nyungan languages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pama-Nyungan_languages">Pama-Nyungan languages</a><br />[<a title="Edit section: North America" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_family&action=edit&amp;section=9">edit</a>]<br /><a id="North_America" name="North_America"></a><br /><a title="North America" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America">North America</a><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29316204-114954541770700410?l=zerubabelkassa.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>iemnoreply@blogger.com0